What is Long COVID? Symptoms, Treatments, and Research Updates

COVID-19 reshaped our world in countless ways, and while many have moved forward, some continue to feel its effects long after the initial infection. This lingering condition—commonly known as Long COVID—has left many people wondering:

Why haven’t my symptoms gone away?

Is this normal?

And what can I do about it?

Let’s take a deep dive into what we currently know about Long COVID, how it's being treated, and what the latest research says about recovery.

What Is Long COVID?

Long COVID, also referred to as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), describes a set of symptoms that persist weeks or even months after a person recovers from the acute phase of COVID-19. According to the CDC, symptoms that last more than four weeks post-infection can fall under the umbrella of Long COVID.

COVID-19 symptoms may persist or appear weeks after the initial infection

Common Symptoms

Long COVID doesn’t look the same for everyone. While some individuals bounce back within a few weeks of recovering from the initial infection, others are left grappling with lingering symptoms that can last for months—or even longer. These symptoms may fluctuate in intensity and can have a significant impact on daily functioning, even in people who had only mild or moderate cases of COVID-19.

Among the most commonly reported issues are persistent fatigue and brain fog, which many describe as difficulty thinking clearly or concentrating. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, heart palpitations, joint or muscle pain, and ongoing sleep disturbances. Some individuals also continue to experience a loss of taste or smell, long after their infection has cleared.

These symptoms may appear alone or in combination and can affect different body systems. For many, the unpredictable nature of Long COVID makes it especially challenging to manage.

A 2023 study published Nature Reviews Microbiology found that more than 200 symptoms were associated with Long COVID, affecting multiple organ systems.

Long COVID can affect multiple organs and systems in the body.

Who Is at Risk?

Anyone who has had COVID-19 can potentially develop Long COVID, regardless of how mild or severe their initial illness was. That said, certain groups appear to be at higher risk based on emerging research. Individuals who experienced severe cases of COVID-19—especially those who were hospitalized—are more likely to report lingering symptoms.

People with underlying health conditions, such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease, may also be more vulnerable. Women have been shown in some studies to be disproportionately affected, though the reasons for this are still being explored.

Current Treatment Approaches

There’s no single test or treatment for Long COVID. Management often involves a multi-disciplinary approach tailored to each patient’s symptoms. Treatments may include:

• Rehabilitation programs for breathing and mobility

• Cognitive therapy for brain fog

• Cardiovascular evaluations for palpitations and chest pain

• Nutritional and mental health support

Long COVID care often involves a team of specialists

What the Latest Research Tells Us

Ongoing research is helping to unravel the mysteries of Long COVID. According to a 2023 NIH-funded study, up to 30% of people infected with COVID-19 report lingering symptoms three months post-infection.

Another major study, published in The Lancet, suggests that vaccination may reduce the risk of developing Long COVID by as much as 50%.

Researchers are also exploring the role of immune system dysregulation, viral persistence, and microclotting in contributing to symptoms.9

What You Can Do If You’re Experiencing Long COVID

If you’re dealing with Long COVID, there are several steps you can take to better manage your symptoms and advocate for your health. One helpful strategy is to keep a symptom journal. Tracking how you feel each day can help identify patterns, triggers, or activities that may make your symptoms better—or worse.

Staying physically active is important, but it’s just as crucial to pace yourself. Overexertion can lead to a crash known as post-exertional malaise, so finding a balance that works for your body is key. Be open with your doctor about your symptoms and ask if they can refer you to a Long COVID clinic or a specialist who’s familiar with the condition.

Don’t underestimate the power of connection. Whether it’s an online support group or a local community resource, talking with others who understand what you’re going through can offer real emotional relief. And most importantly, remember: you’re not alone—and progress is being made every day.

Conclusion

Long COVID remains one of the most challenging public health concerns in the post-pandemic world. While there’s still much to learn, ongoing research and growing awareness are offering hope to millions. If you’re experiencing lingering symptoms, don’t hesitate to seek medical advice and advocate for your care.